The term transmission of trauma has been defined in various ways 11 but was originally understood as the process of passing specific, trauma-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from trauma survivors to their offspring 5, 12. These studies on second-generation Holocaust survivors started a new, interdisciplinary line of research focused on whether and how the consequences of surviving trauma may be transmitted from one generation to another (for a review, see 11). More specifically, numerous subsequent studies have found that Holocaust offspring were at increased risk of mental health problems, predominantly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, as well as heightened prevalence of health problems like cancer, heart disease, and chronic pain 7, 8, 9, 10. 1 observed the problem of intergenerational trauma among descendants of Holocaust survivors who did not experience the Holocaust directly but were secondarily traumatized by parental traumatic history and the related negative emotional atmosphere in their family of origin 2. It has been more than half a century since Rakoff et al. Furthermore, it highlights the moderating effect of knowledge of family history in this mechanism and the need to share family histories with subsequent generations. Our study adds to the literature on intergenerational trauma by highlighting the importance of evaluating embodiment in understanding the mechanisms of trauma transmission. In addition, PTSD level mediated the relationships between those adaptational styles and embodiment intensity that mediation was additionally moderated by a lack of knowledge about WWII trauma among ancestors in our participants. We observed a positive relationship between all survivors’ post-trauma adaptational styles and current levels of PTSD symptoms among participants. Participants filled out the Danieli Inventory of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma, the knowledge about traumatic World War II experiences in the family questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale-5, and the Experience of Embodiment Scale. The study was conducted among a representative sample of 1598 adult Poles obtained from an external company. We also sought to investigate whether the level of knowledge about WWII trauma among ancestors could moderate that association. ![]() To continue reading click here.The main aim of this study was to investigate the long-lasting influences of World War II (WWII) trauma in a national sample of Poles, based on Danieli’s (1998) survivors’ post-trauma adaptational styles (fighter, numb, victim) and their link with current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and embodiment level among participants. This collective aspect of IT is typically called historical trauma (HT). In addition to individual processes, there are collective and systemic processes of intergenerational risk associated with massive traumas like genocide, as well as political, social, and cultural traumas experienced by distinct groups, such as exploitation, oppression, and processes of colonization( e.g., displacement, cultural genocide, forced assimilation practices Braveheart & DeBruyn 1998 Danieli, 1998 Degruy-Leary, 2017 Duran & Duran, 1995). Furthermore, mother’s experience of physical neglect was associated with increased emotion dysregulation and diminished attachment quality in offspring, and these effects were greater when other forms of maltreatment were also present in the mother’s childhood. ![]() (2022) found that maltreatment, especially physical neglect, in a mother’s childhood was associated with an increased risk of maltreatment in the following generations. A smaller body of work has emerged examining how trauma in one generation might impact subsequent generations, called intergenerational trauma (IT Braveheart et al., 2011 Bombay et al., 2009 Sangalang, & Vang, 2017). Moreover, studies have identified mechanisms through which this relationship is mediated, such as dysfunctional attributions ( Hu et al., 2015), cognitive distortions (Smith et al., 2018), immature defenses mechanisms ( DiGuiseppe et al., 2021) and maladaptive coping ( Rettie & Daniels, 2021). ![]() The relationship between negative/traumatic events and psychological distress is well established for posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and suicidality (Harkness & Hayden, 2020). The current review seeks to provide a brief introduction to this area of research. ![]() An increasing body of evidence indicates important mental health consequences on subsequent generations, at the individual, as well as the collective and systemic levels. AN IMPORTANT FOCUS OF THE STUDY OF TRAUMA IS ITS INTERGENERATIONAL IMPACT.
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